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Forging is the process by which metal is heated and is shaped by plastic deformation by suitably applying compressive force. Usually the compressive force is in the form of hammer blows using a power hammer or a press.
Forging refines the grain structure and improves physical properties of the metal. With proper design, the grain flow can be oriented in the direction of principal stresses encountered in actual use. Grain flow is the direction of the pattern that the crystals take during plastic deformation. Physical properties (such as strength, ductility and toughness) are much better in a forging than in the base metal, which has, crystals randomly oriented. |
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Hot Forging |
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A process similar to hot working – plastically deforming an alloy at a temperature above its re-crystallization point, i.e., high enough to avoid strain hardening. In Hot Die Forging the dies are heated close to the forging temperature of the alloy being forged. Generally used for difficult to forge alloys. |
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Cold Forging |
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Various forging process conducted at or near ambient temperature to produce metal component to close tolerances and net shape. These include bending, cold drawing, cold heading, coining extrusion (forward or backward), punching, thread rolling and others. |
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Open Die Forging |
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The process is similar to a blacksmith's anvil and hammer. The hot work piece is hammered into the required shape by working the hot metal blank; usually a cast tapered fluted ingot of forging quality, between two flat surfaces the anvil and the hammerhead. By the constant manipulation of the work piece under the hammer, the desired component shape can be produced.
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Close Die Forging / Impression Die Forging |
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Two dies are brought together and the work piece undergoes plastic deformation until its enlarged sides touch the die side walls. |
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Special characteristics of Forging |
- Forging refines the grain structure and improves physical properties of the metal.
- An efficient, economical process producing consistent part from piece to piece.
- Parts are without any porosity, voids, inclusions and other defects.
- Good Surface Finish.
- Long or short runs can be accommodated.
- Most metals can be forged.
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